This article will lay the foundation for further analysis of Ghana’s Debt Exchange Programme (GDEP) which has been launched. The objective of this programme is to alleviate the debt burden in a most transparent, efficient, and expedited manner. On 5th December, 2022, the Ministry of Finance invited holders of domestic debt to voluntarily exchange approximately GH¢137 billion of the domestic notes and bonds of the Republic, including E.S.L.A. and Daakye bonds, for a package of New Bonds to be issued by the Republic.
At present, debt servicing is now absorbing more than half of total government revenues and almost 70% of tax revenues, while total public debt stock, including that of State-Owned Enterprises and all, exceeds 100% of GDP. Hence, the announcement of debt restructuring programme.
Under the programme, existing domestic bonds as of 1st December 2022 will be exchanged for a set of four new bonds maturing in 2027, 2029, 2032 and 2037. The annual coupon on all of these new bonds will be set at 0% in 2023, 5% in 2024 and 10% from 2025 until maturity and the coupon payments will be semi-annual. In line with this:
- Treasury Bills are completely exempted and all holders will be paid the full value of their investments on maturity.
- There will be NO haircut on the principal of bonds.
- Individual holders of bonds will not be affected.
According to the 2023 Budget, the total gross public debt amounted to GH¢467,371.32 million (US$48,871.34 million) at end-September 2022, equivalent to 75.9 percent of GDP. This compares to end-December 2021 total gross public debt of GH¢352,086.98 million (US$58,689.97 million), representing 76.7 percent of GDP. The elevated public debt burden largely reflects the impact of the currency depreciation. Ghana’s debt carrying capacity is rated “moderate” and the overall risk rating is characterized as “high risk of debt distress” and unsustainable due to the negative effects of exogenous shocks on the economy which worsened existing vulnerabilities. Table 1 shows Ghana’s public debt trajectory since 2018.
Table 1
Public Debt
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Sept, 2022 | |
| Total Public Debt (billion ¢) | 173.1 | 218.2 | 291.6 | 352.1 | 467.4 |
| Domestic (billion ¢) | 86.9 | 105.5 | 149.8 | 181.8 | 195.7 |
| External (billion ¢) | 86.2 | 112.7 | 141.8 | 170.3 | 271.7 |
| Rate of Debt Accumulation (%) | 21.4 | 26.1 | 33.6 | 20.7 | 32.7 |
| Public debt/GDP (%) | 56.1 | 61.2 | 74.4 | 76.7 | 75.9 |
Source: Ministry of Finance
Table 2 below shows the interest payment burden from 2022-2026.
Table 2
Interest Payment
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | |
| Interest Payment (billion ¢) | 41,361,592,947 | 52,550,368,539 | 73,859,517,647 | 67,839,797,849 | 72,866,919,170 |
| Domestic (billion ¢) | 31,345,638,700 | 31,297,838,102 | 52,705,928,651 | 45,749,612,519 | 51,577,128,151 |
| External (billion ¢) | 10,015,954,248 | 21,252,530,437 | 21,153,588,996 | 22,090,185,330 | 21,289,791,019 |
Source: Ministry of Finance
Table 3 below compares Treasury Bill rates in August, 2021 and August, 2022.
Treasury Bill
| August 2021 Coupon | August 2022 Coupon | |
| 91 day | 12.49% | 27.68% |
| 182 day | 13.27% | 29.12% |
| 364 day | 16.2% | 28.92% |
Source: Bank of Ghana
Table 4 below compares Bond coupon rates in August, 2021 and August, 2022
Table 4
Bonds
| August 2021 Coupon | August 2022 Coupon | |
| 2-year | 17.25% | 21.5% |
| 3-year | 17.7% | 29.85% |
| 5-year | 18.3% | 22.3% |
| 6-year | 19.25% | 21.75% |
| 7-year | 18.1% | 18.1% |
| 10-year | 19.75% | 19.75% |
| 15-year | 19.75% | 19.75% |
| 20-year | 20.2% | 20.2% |
Source: Bank of Ghana
Table 5 illustrates the breakdown of domestic debt.
Table 5
Breakdown of Domestic Debt
| Institutional Investors and Businesses | 26% |
| Individuals/Households | 13% |
| Foreign Investors | 12.3% |
| Pension Funds | 7% |
| Insurance, Rural Banks & others | 7.7% |
Source: IMANI Africa
As indicated in the 2023 budget, the proportion of domestic debt maturing in one (1) year increased from 30.5 percent to 45.8 percent mainly due to underperformance of Government revenue which resulted in Government resorting to tap-ins and reopenings. This resulted in higher domestic short-term financing and posed high refinancing risk. Consequently, the public debt redemption profile indicates that a large share of the domestic debt will be maturing in 2023, signaling the refinancing risks associated with this type of debt, with several treasury bills and bonds scheduled to mature.
Using Ecobank EDC as an Example in GDEP
It is clear that individuals will not be affected by the debt exchange programme but individuals have invested in fund management companies like the Ecobank EDC, Databank etc that have invested in government bonds. Using Ecobank EDC as an example, it has the largest fund size in Ghana. As at, 28th August, 2022, it had ¢ 2.663 billion under management. Already, fund managers are paying investors marked-to-market value instead of amortized value which is eroding interest and principal. In fact, individual and institutional investors will be affected by GDEP. Table 6 below is the asset allocation and performance for Ecobank EDC as at January, 2022.
Table 6
Asset Allocation and Performance- January, 2022
| GoG Treasury Notes and bonds | 78.23% |
| Statutory Agency Bonds | 11.40% |
| GoG Treasury Bills | 4.11% |
| Cash Equivalent | 4.68% |
| Corporate Bonds | 1.53% |
| CIS | 0.04% |
Source- Ecobank EDC
Conclusion
The consequences of debt exchange programme will be dire for households and businesses in the short term but prudent management of the economy can resolve the current crisis. In an inflationary period (inflation rate is 40.4% as at September, 2022) and depreciating cedi, Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) has already declined and this will be worsened by the debt restructuring. The memories of the 2017/2018 financial sector clean-up are fresh on the minds of investors. This programme must be managed with utmost transparency. Timely communication about the GDEP will help to avert unintended outcomes. To bring back investor confidence, government must demonstrate commitment, especially on the fiscal management. I dare say, politicizing the debt exchange programme will worsen Ghana’s current economic crisis.
Emmanuel Amoah-Darkwah
Economist/Partner @ C-KADD Global
e.amoahdarkwah@ckaddglobal.com
